El Nino—a recurring phenomenon of higher-than-average sea surface temperatures—is significantly threatening global food security. It’s back for the first time in seven years, causing intense weather only exacerbated by climate change. Too much rain in certain areas, and not enough in others, will damage crops and impede agricultural production around the world.
Some scientists are predicting a Super El Nino by the end of the year. In the next few months, it may become one of the most intense climate patterns ever recorded, leading to dangerous natural disasters like drought, heat waves, and lethal floods.
Every several years, El Nino makes an appearance for a year, causing tropical storms, droughts, and unpredictable weather in the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean. El Nino is part of a larger climate pattern called the El Nino-Southern Oscillation. While El Nino causes warmer ocean surfaces, its counterpart La Nina causes cooling instead. The Southern Oscillation describes the atmospheric changes that accompany the changing ocean temperatures.
Although El Nino typically appears every two to seven years, it is not a regular or predictable cycle. It was first discovered by fishermen off the cost of Peru, and later nicknamed “the little boy” or “El Nino” by Spanish immigrants. Every time it appears, it affects the lives and livelihoods of people across the world.
Regions that are already overwhelmed by climate shocks will be doubly hit. Humanitarian organizations like Action Against Hunger are preparing for an uptick in hunger, especially in rural and agriculture-reliant communities. The Famine Early Warning Systems Network, or FEWS NET, estimates that 110 million people in 30 countries will need food assistance through early next year.
Next year might be the hottest year on record. Climate-resilient solutions are more essential than ever before. Globally, smallholder farmers are bracing for a storm.
How will El Nino impact Central America?
In Central America, the livelihoods of millions of farmers depend on substantial harvests. El Nino has already begun drying up fields and shriveling crops, jeopardizing farmers that don’t have irrigation systems. Rural towns are particularly vulnerable and already struggling to cope with unpredictable weather patterns.
Guatemala, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Honduras are in Central America’s “Dry Corridor,” which may face serious devastation in the next few months. Below average rainfall has already impacted staple grains, such as beans and corn, and FEWS NET predicts that as many as 1.5 million Guatemalans will require food assistance by April 2024.
In Guatemala, grain farmers are especially concerned about their next harvests. Some of the most prepared workers begin planting crops in early spring rather than mid-summer, the typical planting season. But their efforts to get ahead of the storms are largely in vain.
Felix Ramirez Suchite, a grain farmer in eastern Guatemala, is one of many who will harvest between 40 to 90% fewer crops than in previous years, which he says, “will not be enough on its own to feed the family for the whole year.”
As prices spike, typical staple foods, such as beans, are as expensive as meat. In rural towns, most farmers rely on agriculture as their entire source of income. El Nino will set them back for more than just one season. Most have to set aside additional money to buy new seeds, especially since the quality of the grain they harvest is not adequate to replant.
Millions of Central American households engage in small-scale agriculture, and most are subsistence farmers, whose main livelihood is the cultivation of basic grains and seasonal work in places like coffee plantations, growing export crops. El Nino will endanger many of them.
The dry spell in Central America is set to end this year, but in 2024, heavy rain will sweep through South America.
In March, Cyclone Yaku had released torrents of rain and destroyed houses and buildings throughout Peru, leaving many people with nearly nothing.
Now, El Nino is putting more than 14 million people at high risk of heavy rains in the north. Alternatively, in the south, more than one million people will be affected by droughts. Industries like fishing are heavily affected, since the rising ocean temperatures force fish to migrate. Inflation is spiking food prices.
In Colombia, rainfall is expected to decrease up to 20%. Water scarcity can lead to a number of risks, including a lack of sanitation and increased disease and malnutrition outbreaks. Crop fields will dry up, livestock will die, hydroelectric power will be limited, and tropical diseases may rise. Dengue, malaria, and Zika may be exacerbated by limited healthcare services and lack of river access to certain communities. Around 22 million people throughout the country will face a direct impact on their food security.
People indigenous to the region, such as the Wiwa people of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, are especially struggling. They live in a rural region in north Colombia and have gone up to eight months without a single drop of rain. In the midst of drought, the community is preparing by storing what little food they can and anticipating dangerous bouts of waterborne illnesses like diarrhea, which take the greatest toll on young children.
“Crops are suffering the consequences of climate change. Excessive heat or rain weakens them, trees topple, everything rots, and then food becomes scarce,” says Lejandrina Pastor Gil, a leader of the Wiwa, adding that in these desperate times, the people must sell or eat their animals.
As streams dry up, the community must seek other sources, such as mountain springs. Young girls are urged to make tiring treks over long distances to fetch water. On these draining journeys, they face attacks, dehydration, and exhaustion.
In Venezuela, El Nino is impacting water supplies, hydroelectric power generation, agriculture and food production, and country-wide nutrition. 90% of the population lives in urban areas and depend on markets, most of which sell imported food. In the coming months, these markets will face shortages and produce prices will soar. Rural farmers, on the other hand, will face insufficient rainfall and struggle to feed themselves and their communities.
El Nino typically impacts Southeast Asia with drier-than-average conditions, usually stemming rainfall and leading to the threat of drought.
About 90% of the world’s rice is grown and consumed in Asia. As a staple food for more than half of the world’s population, it’s one of the most important crops in sustaining global food security. But it’s a semi-aquatic, water-intensive crop, typically thriving in very wet areas. El Nino puts its production at risk.
Countries across Southeast Asia have begun to impose restrictions on the export of rice to other countries, leading to higher prices for countries that depend on imports. The El Nino phenomenon is also reducing corn harvests in the Philippines; reducing hydropower production in Vietnam, leading to power outages; cutting coffee bean yields by up to 20% in Vietnam; halting palm oil production in Malaysia and Indonesia; preventing sugar cane harvests in Thailand; and so much more.
Our teams reached 46,000 people through our nutrition and health programs in India last year. Today, we’re helping the population brace for El Nino.
Rainfall throughout Thailand has significantly declined over the last several months, both due to climate change and El Nino. August estimates showed that the country’s rice belt could expect a 40% decline in rainfall. Rice production across the country could drop by 6%—not insignificant for the world’s third-largest rice exporter. Last year alone, Thailand exported more than seven million tons of rice to countries around the world.
Farmers are scrambling to find climate-resilient options to save their crops and fight drought. The government has started to perform “cloud seeding,” a term given to a high-tech weather modification strategy where planes inject chemicals into clouds to induce greater precipitation. Dry temperatures are set to last until at least February of 2024.
Local campaigns are encouraging people across the country to use less water, prompting farmers to find ways to simultaneously conserve while also maintaining their livelihoods. People in Thailand’s rural areas are concerned about feeding themselves and their families. Ever since the rain stopped falling consistently, farmers struggle to hold onto hope. Some are plunged into debt and completely dependent on government compensation. Still, out of pride, tradition, and dedication, they continue to tend to their rice paddies, praying for rain.
India accounts for more than 40% of global rice trade. Rice paddies across the country are typically quenched by monsoon rains, which bring 70% of the water needed to keep the crop thriving and healthy. But this year, its monsoon rainfall was the lowest since 2018.
Many rural farms throughout India lack irrigation systems. Farmers rely on the monsoon rains to replenish their supplies. Instead, they faced erratic storms, prompting the government to impose a strict export ban on certain types of rice. Due to low rice yields across India, Thailand, and Vietnam, prices have begun to rise—even up to 20% in the latter two countries. It’s also prompted some individuals to hoard the stock out of desperation.
Rice isn’t the only crop at risk. As long as the country stays dry, the prices of staple foods will continue to spike. In the coming months, India may also impose restrictions on wheat and sugar exports.
Indonesia’s government has issued several emergency alerts as fires threaten to spark in several areas, similar to the fires that spread across 20 million acres of land in Canada over the summer. Many forests and peatlands are hotspots. The population has been warned that fields may ignite and smog and haze may shroud the sky. In the past, large forest fires have caused respiratory problems in millions of people in Indonesia. In Singapore and Malaysia, people are discouraged from going outside and encouraged to stock up on masks, air purifiers, and food and water stocks.
El Nino is likely to be disastrous for many African regions. In some areas, drought will wipe out crop fields, leading to livestock deaths and widespread malnutrition. In other countries, heavy flooding will destroy entire villages. Across the continent, El Nino will threaten the livelihoods of millions.
Rainfall in most of southern Africa will likely decline, especially in Angola, South Africa, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Shortages of staple crops, such as corn, are likely. In turn, this will force many countries to import corn, driving inflation.
Water scarcity and escalated prices will only worsen socio-economic conditions throughout southern Africa. Conflict may break out between neighboring communities as farmers compete for grazing land and water sources.
The Horn of Africa, on the other hand, will likely see increased rainfall. The region has faced one of its worst droughts in over seven decades, and so El Nino may bring much-needed rain and alleviate some of the drought’s life-threatening effects.
But it’s not only a positive change. Downpours could deluge parts of Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania, and Somalia. The phenomenon is also likely to lead to flash floods, landslides, and mudslides, destroying homes, hospitals, and crop fields alike. It will also damage key infrastructure such as roads and bridges.
In West Africa, El Nino poses a major threat to a very essential crop—cocoa. The crop is highly sensitive to weather changes, and warm and temperatures are in the forecast for the region. The dry conditions can bring pests and diseases to the cocoa pods, threatening the livelihoods of farmers in Ghana and Cote d’Ivoire. Combined, both countries make up 58% of global cocoa production. The industry will take a massive hit: cocoa is used in chocolate, cosmetics, skincare products and more.
Farmers in West Africa will be forced to adapt or they could face insurmountable poverty: for cocoa producers in Ghana, cocoa profits make up 70 to 100% of their income.
Altogether, El Nino is expected to impact crop yields on 25% of global croplands. Due to climate change, the world is already hotter than it has ever been—and El Nino will only exacerbate this reality.
Action Against Hunger teams are working to strengthen vulnerable communities by raising awareness on water treatment, healthy hygiene practices, resource conservation, and agriculture management, all of which will ensure that communities have the necessary tools to withstand emergencies.
We’re working closely with families—initiating multipurpose cash transfers, installing water tanks and solar-powered irrigation, repairing water systems, and helping local authorities to strengthen their emergency response plans. We’re training community health committees, fortifying irrigation and rainwater collection systems, and teaching farmers how to plant, harvest, and preserve climate-resilient crops.
We’ll also continue to strengthen our El Nino-focused technological early warning systems such as SURF-IT, which we are using to predict tidal surges in Bangladesh. We are doing everything we can to prepare communities before a crisis hits and give them the tools to ensure food security is not threatened.
Action Against Hunger leads the global movement to end hunger. We innovate solutions, advocate for change, and reach 21 million people every year with proven hunger prevention and treatment programs. As a nonprofit that works across 56 countries, our 8,900 dedicated staff members partner with communities to address the root causes of hunger, including climate change, conflict, inequity, and emergencies. We strive to create a world free from hunger, for everyone, for good.
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